This special issue of Bone Marrow Transplantation describes the impact of pre-transplant molecular measurable residual disease (MRD) on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) prognosis. The original pre-MEASURE study demonstrated the superior ability of error-corrected next generation sequencing (NGS), performed retrospectively on peripheral blood pre-transplant samples in a centralized setting, to predict post-transplant relapse and survival compared to flow cytometry in patients with FLT3-ITD or NPM1 mutated AML. The current collection of manuscripts presents additional original data describing the significance of FLT3-TKD, IDH1, and IDH2 persistence prior to transplantation. Review articles cover how pre-MEASURE has impacted clinical decision-making and the interpretation of NPM1 MRD throughout the treatment course of AML. Other manuscripts address the limitations of flow cytometric MRD assays in informing conditioning regimens, the role of the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) in precision transplantation investigation, and the importance of representation in clinical research. The ongoing, prospective multicenter MEASURE study will hopefully inform the most appropriate use of peri-transplant molecular MRD for AML.