One of the most accredited ways to study morality from a descriptive and naturalistic perspective consists of looking at its evolutionary history to understand its biological function for the human species (and, perhaps, also for other species that share with us some basic elements of cognition and cooperation). From this perspective, morality should not be understood primarily on a conceptual level—e.g., by identifying formal or substantive properties that define it—but above all by shedding light on the role that it plays and the effects it produces within complex social systems. Over the past decades, the scientific study of the cooperative behavior of humans and other social animals has grown significantly, seeking to understand and explain the evolution of prosocial traits like altruism, empathy, trust, and the development of cooperative institutions; above all, through the lenses of the Darwinian theory of natural selection, enriched by contemporary developments in evolutionary and developmental biology.