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16.8 million people (including 6.2 million functional illiterates) in Germany (Grotlüschen et al., 2020) and 1.9 million people in Austria (Kneil et al., 2020) have noticeable problems with reading and writing in German. Non-native German speakers, older people, and persons with low literacy may have a limited vocabulary or know only a few grammatical constructions, so they have problems understanding lexically or syntactically complex sentences (Bredel and Maaß, 2016; Saggion, 2017).

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Introduction

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  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Regina Stodden

摘要

16.8 million people (including 6.2 million functional illiterates) in Germany (Grotlüschen et al., 2020) and 1.9 million people in Austria (Kneil et al., 2020) have noticeable problems with reading and writing in German. Non-native German speakers, older people, and persons with low literacy may have a limited vocabulary or know only a few grammatical constructions, so they have problems understanding lexically or syntactically complex sentences (Bredel and Maaß, 2016; Saggion, 2017).