Conclusion

As outlined in the introductory chapter of this book, the present study examines the works of three prominent scholars from three different countries: ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Maḥmūd from Egypt, Bediuzzaman Said Nursi from Turkey, and Hamka from Indonesia. Its primary aim has been to identify their respective conceptualizations of Sufism, to extract theological resources that may serve as foundations for peacebuilding, and to provide examples of how such resources were applied by these scholars in fostering peace within their societies. The first three chapters of this book (Chapters 1, 2, and 3) set out the research background, problem statement, scope, methodology, significance of the study, and conceptual framework, while also presenting biographical sketches of ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Maḥmūd, Nursi, and Hamka. The subsequent three chapters (Chapters 4, 5, and 6) constitute the core of the book: they present the conceptualizations of Sufism found in the works of the three scholars, the theological resources for peacebuilding identified within those works, and examples of their practical application. The final chapter (Chapter 7), of which the present section forms a part, provides the conclusion by revisiting the principal findings of the preceding chapters, while also outlining the implications of this study for contemporary peacebuilding and future research.