Conceptualization of Sufism in the Works of ʿAbd Al-Ḥalīm Maḥmūd, Nursi, and Hamka

Sufism, with its emphasis on the spiritual dimension, may be regarded not only as the soul of Islamic civilization but also as the spiritual essence of human civilization (Siradj, 2011: 7). Virtually all prominent scholars in Islamic history have devoted serious attention to Sufism in their works, including the three scholars examined in this book: ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Maḥmūd (Egypt), Said Nursi (Turkey), and Hamka (Indonesia). This chapter explores their respective conceptualization of Sufism. Given the breadth and complexity of the subject of Sufism—as acknowledged by Schimmel and other scholars in the field—this chapter is limited to examining the fundamental principles of Sufism and its envisioned role within society as articulated by these three scholars. The first section addresses Sufism as a means of interaction and spiritual encounter with God (Ḥabl min Allāh), while the second explores Sufism in the social and interpersonal domain (Ḥabl min al-nās). The former frames Sufism as a remedy for individual afflictions of the heart and soul, while the latter considers its relevance as a response to various societal maladies.