Trends in herbicide resistance in Southern Europe

The widespread use and misuse of herbicides, particularly where there are heavy weed infestations, has led to the selection of resistant weed populations in many different cropping systems and regions (Heap, 2014; Heap I., The international herbicide-resistant weed database: http://www.weedscience.org ; accessed January 25, 2025), including Southern Europe (e.g. Sattin, 2005; Calha et al., 2008; Scarabel et al., 2020; Torra et al., 2022). Prevention and control of weed biotypes that evolved resistance to one or more herbicides are key issues in weed management and have a significant impact on the sustainability of cropping systems (Evans et al., 2016).