Taxonomy and classification of hemp

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is among the earliest domesticated and cultivated plants in human history (Babaei et al., 2022; Crocq, 2020). Its extensive history is deeply intertwined with humanity’s evolving social, cultural, and economic developments, reflecting significant shifts over time (Barcaccia et al., 2020). Records of the use of cannabis date back as early as 3000–6000 years ago in China where it was used for seed production, fiber, and oil (Anwar et al., 2006; Russo et al., 2008; Sun, 2023). Cannabis has been known by various local and regional names throughout history.