Nematodes as indicators of soil health
摘要
The sheer abundance of nematodes, their biodiversity, and occupation of every trophic niche and ecosystem type make them one of the most useful ecological indicators amongst all soil microinvertebrates (Freckman, 1988; Neher, 2001a). Globally, there are an estimated 4.4 ± 0.64 × 1020 nematodes (total biomass of approximately 0.3 Gt) inhabiting surface soils, with greater abundance in sub-Arctic regions (38%) than in temperate (24%) or tropical (21%) (van den Hoogen et al., 2019). Nematodes are not only ubiquitous but also serve as key indicators of important soil ecosystem functions, in part because they occupy at least five functional or trophic groups, ranging from grazers of primary decomposers to predators of other nematodes and plant-parasites (Yeates et al., 1993). Their central position in the detrital food web allows them to infer soil carbon (C) and nutrient cycling (Moore and de Ruiter, 1991). All nematodes release excess ammonium (NH4+) into soil, a form readily available to plants. Bacterivores and fungivores graze upon and disperse bacteria and fungi, respectively, which tends to maintain microflora populations in the rhizosphere at a ‘youthful’ state with fast rates of growth, selectively shaping the microbial community in ways that promote plant growth (Ingham et al., 1985). The breadth of ecological function that nematodes influence makes them excellent soil health indicators.