From a biogeographical point of view, grasslands are ecosystems in which the vegetation is made up of herbaceous species, in particular grasses, graminoids and even forbs (Dixon et al., 2014). From an agroecological point of view, grasslands are ‘land devoted to the production of forage for harvest by grazing/browsing, cutting, or both, or used for other agricultural purposes such as renewable energy production. The vegetation can include grasses, grass-like plants, legumes and other forbs. Woody species may also be present’ (Peeters et al., 2014). Based on this broad defnition, grasslands encompass temporary grasslands containing one or more selected herbaceous species, permanent grasslands containing a variety of herbaceous species and seminatural grasslands possibly including woody plants (e.g. mountain pastures, Mediterranean rangelands, wetland pastures, shrubland and dehesas). Permanent grasslands are an administrative category defned by the European Union (EU) as ‘land used permanently (for several consecutive years, normally 5 years or more) to grow herbaceous fodder, forage or energy purpose crops, through cultivation (sown) or naturally (self-seeded), and which is not included in the crop rotation on the holding’ (Eurostat, 2023).