Temperate grasslands face a range of challenges (e.g. Delaby et al., 2020) that often occur simultaneously and therefore need to be addressed in a coherent and integrated way. Examples of these challenges include intensifcation, land abandonment, land-use change, and climate change. At the same time, research (e.g. Bengtsson et al., 2019) suggests that temperate grasslands have enormous opportunities to support the transition to more resilient, sustainable, and circular agricultural systems. This book reviews the wealth of recent research addressing these challenges and opportunities.