Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse family of several thousand synthetic compounds, now coined ‘forever chemicals’ due to their high thermal and chemical stability and resistance to microbial mineralization (Schymanski et al., 2023). PFAS have been found in all environmental compartments globally due to their extensive use (Espartero et al., 2022; Panieri et al., 2022). The use and number of different compounds in this family have increased exponentially since they were first discovered (Gaines, 2022). Their stability, along with other unique properties including imparting grease-, water- and stain-repelling properties, have resulted in their use in a myriad of consumer products and manufacturing processes for several decades (Gaines, 2022; Glüge et al., 2020). Familiar uses of PFAS include grease and stain-repellant coatings on food contact materials, carpets, furniture, and other textiles, as well as on non-stick cookware and construction materials (Kotthoff et al., 2015). PFAS are present in numerous personal care products including lotions, shampoos, and cosmetics, as well as other cleaning products and automotive fluids (Whitehead et al., 2021). Since the 1960s, PFAS-containing aqueous-film forming foams (AFFFs) have been in use at airports and military sites because of their ability to extinguish hydrocarbon-based fires in a few seconds (Place & Field, 2012; Prevedouros et al., 2006). PFAS are also used in manufacturing electronics including semiconductor and computer chips, wire coatings, metal plating, medical devices, artificial turf, and automotive fluids among many others (Chen et al., 2024; Jacob et al., 2021; Lin et al., 2017). PFAS use in so many aspects of society, coupled to their persistence has resulted in their presence at varying scales in nearly all environmental compartments including drinking water, surface water, groundwater, soil, air, sediment, and household dust (Evich et al., 2022; Espartero et al., 2022; Panieri et al., 2022). Their ubiquitous presence and persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and linkages to numerous adverse effects in humans and animals, even at low concentrations (Fenton et al., 2021; Halldorsson et al., 2012; Dickman & Aga, 2022a; Lee et al., 2020; NASEM, 2022) have resulted in mounting concerns with regards to our water resources and food system.