Addressing gender inequities in accessing agricultural extension and advisory services
摘要
Women are extensively involved in agriculture and rural development and contribute to food security in their families and communities. Many smallholders are family farms, where livelihoods depend on the joint efforts of all family members. Family farming is the most prevalent form of agriculture today, with over 500 million family farms producing 80% of the world’s food supply (Lowder et al., 2014; FAO, 2014). Women participate actively in all aspects of family farming and represent, on average, 43% of the agricultural labor force. Yet, in many countries, their productive role is that of unpaid family labor, and in many cases, their work is excluded from statistics (Byram, 2001). Although the majority of small-scale farmers are women, they have lower productivity levels compared with men due to structural barriers, and thus their contributions are often marginalized (Byram, 2001). For women to increase their productivity, there must be substantial changes in gender relations and ways of engaging men more successfully, particularly since the vast majority of extension agents are men (Farnworth and Colverson, 2015).