Negotiating the intersection of gender and race in agriculture
摘要
Scholars of food and agriculture have long documented the deep-rooted social, cultural, and political issues that plague global agricultural systems (Alkon and Agyeman 2011; Lobao and Meyer, 2001; Sachs et al., 2021). The experiences of women and smallholder farmers are not exempt from this systemic institutional and interpersonal discrimination. McKune and Touré (2021), Smith II (2019), and Tavenner and Crane (2019), for example, have all argued that an individual’s (in) ability to meet agricultural production and profit goals is not merely a function of individual failures. Instead, the intersection of multiple levels of oppression manifests from a person’s demographic characteristics, their self-identified expressions, and personal background. The shortcomings of agricultural support agencies and organizations to serve these individuals are evident in studies that document the effects of interpersonal and systematic inequities, as the agricultural operations struggling the most to establish and maintain sustainable practices are those led by members of socially disadvantaged groups2 (Alkon and Agyeman, 2011; Doherty et al., 2023; Rodriguez et al., 2008). These findings parallel research in critical agri-food systems scholarship that has documented the differences in the productivity and profitability of smallholder farm operations in the Global South (Amekawa, 2009; Lowder et al., 2016; Vicol et al., 2019).