Since 2016, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and, before them, the Millennium Development Goals (2000–2015) have been a reference point for governments, non-governmental organizations, research for development organizations, civil society, and private companies, internationally. The SDGs are ambitious political aspirations to guide policy and practice across 17 domains and focus not only on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) but also on so-called developed and emerging economies. They are globally agreed by all 196 member states of the United Nations (UN) and are a time-bound agenda to guide political action and development efforts until 2030. Most of the 169 targets for the SDGs relate in one way or another to food and farming (Terlau et al., 2018). But what do these SDGs mean for smallholder women farmers? This question is particularly salient given that agrifood systems are an even more important livelihood for women than men in many countries: comprising 66% of women’s employment in sub-Saharan Africa compared to 60% for men and 71% in southern Asia versus 47% for men (FAO, 2023). Women also account for a greater share of agricultural employment than men – well over 50% in many sub-Saharan countries and about half in some Southeast Asian nations (ibid.). Globally 36% of working women and 38% of working men are employed in agrifood systems (ibid). This chapter explores the impact of the SDGs on smallholder women’s lives and how smallholder women are contributing to the achievement of these goals.