The use of alternative feed ingredients is vital to the longevity and sustainability of animal protein production. Conventional ingredients used in North America are corn and soybean meal and, to a lesser extent, distillers’ dried grains with solubles. Other cereals such as wheat and barley, as well as canola meal, are used for livestock feed in other parts of the world, like Canada, Europe, and South America (Kiarie and Nyachoti, 2009). With growing concern about the contribution of land use change (e.g. deforestation for crop cultivation) to climate change, the use of scarce land resources to grow crops for both food and feed is increasingly seen as environmentally unsustainable (Thronton, 2010). In addition, competition for these raw ingredients from other sectors such as biofuel processing and the food industry has increased, leading to an increased cost for these raw ingredients (Woyengo et al., 2014; Borowski et al., 2016). Since most diets are formulated on a least-cost basis, this makes the use of alternative protein sources important to both the environmental and economic sustainability of poultry production.