Conservation Agriculture (CA) has received increasing interest worldwide as a cropping system that addresses the future challenge of feeding an increasing world population while minimizing the negative environmental and climate impacts of agriculture and preserving soil fertility (Reicosky, 2015). CA is based on three principles: no tillage, continuing plant/residue cover on the soil surface and a diverse crop rotation (Hobbs, 2007; FAO, 2011). There is a general agreement that the use of cover crops/green mulches and diverse crop rotations tend to minimize weed problems (Adeux et al., 2019; Andert et al., 2016; Guinet et al., 2023; Teasdale et al., 2007, Haramoto & Gallandt, 2004) although the effect of cover crops on weed management recently was questioned (Adeux et al., 2021). In contrast, the adoption of no-tillage practices has often been associated with increasing weed problems (Derksen et al., 1993; Melander et al., 2013; Vullioud et al., 2006) although omitting tillage ensures that weed seeds remain on the soil surface, a situation expected to minimize germination and increase seed mortality (Cordeau et al., 2020). Nonetheless, several studies have reported higher weed pressure under no-tillage than under ploughing and no-tillage systems can promote problematic weed species such as annual grass species and perennial weed species (Armengot et al., 2016; Cardina et al., 2002; Thomas et al., 2004; Trichard et al., 2013). Nichols et al. (2015) reviewed the literature on CA and weed dynamics and concluded that implementing no-till without crop rotation can result in severe weed problems with grass weeds and perennial weeds becoming more dominant but also found that greater crop diversity resulted in easier weed management.