Proof of Stake

This chapter covers Proof of Stake in full—how locked capital replaces burned electricity as the security mechanism, the nothing-at-stake problem and the fixes that make PoS shippable, Ethereum’s Gasper consensus (LMD-GHOST fork choice and Casper FFG finality), slashing mechanics, long-range attacks and weak subjectivity, validator economics and MEV, and how PoS security compares to PoW. Roughly what you’ll be able to defend in conversation: