In the 2000s, backend systems typically utilized monolithic architectures. In this architecture, the user interface, business logic, and data access layers were tightly coupled and worked together as a cohesive application. This simplified the initial development and deployment of the application because all functionality was contained in a single codebase, and communication between components was frequently handled internally within the monolith itself. However, as applications became more intricate and popular, this method began to demonstrate significant drawbacks such as scalability, single point of failure, lack of flexibility, technical debt, etc. To mitigate these problems the microservices architecture was developed. This architecture separates an application into smaller, independent services, each in charge of a particular function. This provides higher scalability, flexibility, and resilience. Also, the ownership of these services by different teams enabled them to independently build, test, and deploy these services. However, microservices architecture came up with its drawbacks especially in designing the interactions between services. Again, to mitigate these problems, the service mesh technology was developed as an infrastructure layer to make it easier and more consistent for microservices to talk to each other. In service mesh solutions, Istio has become the market leader, thanks to its many features that meet the needs of current cloud-native environments. From advanced traffic routing to end-to-end encryption, Istio is designed to enhance the scalability, security, and reliability of microservices at scale.