Biotechnology has emerged as a transformative force in agriculture, leveraging molecular biology and genetic engineering to address critical challenges in food security, sustainability, and environmental stewardship. This chapter defines agricultural biotechnology as the application of advanced scientific methods such as CRISPR gene editing, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and enhanced plant breeding techniques to improve crop traits, increase yields, and bolster resilience against environmental stresses. CRISPR technology enables precise genetic modifications that enhance pest resistance, drought tolerance, and nutritional content, while GMOs and marker-assisted breeding have yielded crops that require fewer chemical inputs and thrive under adverse conditions. Beyond crop improvement, biotechnology contributes to food processing and livestock management through biofortification, development of biofertilizers, and creation of disease-resistant animal breeds. Ethical considerations and public perception challenges are explored, including concerns about ecological safety, socioeconomic impacts, and transparency in regulatory frameworks. Divergent views on GMOs underscore the need for inclusive risk assessments and adaptive policies that balance innovation with social responsibility. As climate change and population growth intensify pressures on agriculture, the chapter underscores the importance of ongoing interdisciplinary research, transparent governance, and stakeholder engagement. By integrating cutting-edge biotechnological tools with traditional farming expertise, agriculture can become more productive, resilient, and sustainable, meeting global demands while minimizing ecological footprints.