Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting of Deficient Masonry Building Considering SSI Effects

This study focuses on the seismic behavior of low-rise deficient masonry structures, particularly in rural areas of the Indian subcontinent. The effect of soil–structure interactions is considered, which is often overlooked in conventional analysis. Numerical modeling using a 3D macro-modeling approach is employed, incorporating partially confining reinforced concrete bands assimilated into the masonry walls. The concrete damage plasticity (CDP) model describes the nonlinear behavior of the materials. Two base conditions, fixed and flexible, are examined, with the latter considering soil-structure interactions using elastoplastic idealization. The capacity spectrum method is utilized to assess the retrofitting's impact on the structure's performance based on the Indian seismic code. This study provides a basis for performance-based seismic assessment and retrofitting solutions for vulnerable masonry buildings.