Introduction to Photovoltaic Solar Energy

The chapter provides a thorough overview of photovoltaic (PV) solar energy, covering its fundamentals, various PV cell types, analytical models, electrical parameters, and features. Beginning with the fundamentals, it discusses photon energy, P-N junctions, the photovoltaic effect, and the semiconductor nature of photovoltaics in addition to exploring various materials for solar cells. Subsequently, the various types of solar cells—monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous are examined, and their efficiencies are described. Analytical models of solar cells study the single and two-diode models as well as electrical properties including fill factor, maximum power, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current—all of which are crucial for understanding solar cell efficiency. V-I and P-V characteristics, among other electrical parameters of PV cells, are described. Next, the effects of atmospheric variables and parameters on PV cell characteristics are discussed, along with maximum power point tracking (MPPT). It also includes a review of power converter topologies, such as DC/DC and DC/AC converters, and their control strategies, as well as applications for both standalone and grid-connected solar systems.