Recent Advances in Bioethanol: Current Scenario, Sources and Production Techniques

Fossil fuels, which comprise oil, coal, and natural gas, have become the primary means of energy in the modern era. However, it is predicted that these sources will be depleted within the next four to five decades. The anticipated ecological drawbacks, such as global warming, acid rain, and urban smog, have prompted us to reduce carbon emissions by 80% (v/v) and make the transition to a diverse range of sustainable renewable energy resources, including solar, wind, and biofuel, among others, that are less detrimental to the environment. Ethanol is considered one of the most promising alternative biofuels. Despite having 68% lower energy equivalence than petroleum fuel, its combustion is more environmentally friendly (due to the presence of oxygen) and is therefore considered a viable biofuel choice in place of gasoline. Bioethanol is presently being contemplated as a viable substitute for conventional gasoline, primarily due to its comparable and, in some instances, superior attributes that facilitate a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and augment fuel reserves. The utilization of bioethanol for commercial purposes typically entails the utilization of edible feedstocks, such as corn and sugar cane, which results in an escalation of the production cost. This chapter deliberates upon the present scenario of bioethanol production in diverse nations, as well as the current state of technologies engaged in the production of bioethanol and various generations of feedstocks.