Green Solvent Modification of Starch: Ionic Liquids (ILs) and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (ScCO2)

Supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) and ionic liquids (ILs) are two solvents that are safe for the environment and may be used in starch modification, which has the potential to improve its functionalities and broaden its uses. These environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional organic solvents are valued for their low environmental effect, non-toxicity, and potential for recycling and reuse. ILs provide the benefits of superior solubility, precise reaction control, and the ability to selectively target specific starch components, although they encounter obstacles related to their synthesis and high cost. In contrast, supercritical carbon dioxide ScCO2, characterized as a non-polar solvent, achieves starch particle expansion, enhancing reactivity and acting as both a co-solvent and a carrier for indirect starch modifications. Notably, ScCO2 is an ecologically beneficial alternative for starch modification due to its benefits including simplicity of accessibility, non-toxicity, and ability to be recycled. These environmentally friendly starch modifications are used in a variety of sectors, such as delivery systems, emulsifiers, adhesives, coatings, and bioplastics. These contribute to long-term sustainability goals by reducing emissions, waste output, and resource use. Addressing infrastructure, equipment, and scalability concerns, on the other hand, involves collaboration among regulators, corporations, and academics. This collaboration intends to enhance sustainable solvent synthesis, environmentally friendly methodologies, and commercial feasibility, opening the path for a more sustainable future in starch modification.