Performance of Concrete at Elevated Temperatures: A Review

Concrete, comprising cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water, and admixtures, are extensively used in construction. However, exposure to high temperatures, like fire, can lead to detrimental changes in its properties, resulting in decreased performance or failure. This review offers an overview of the impact of elevated temperature on concrete, encompassing thermal cracking, strength reduction, and spalling. The mechanisms underlying these effects are examined, along with influential factors like concrete mix composition and heating rate. Several strategies to enhance concrete's fire resistance are discussed, including the incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials and fibers, as well as the application of coatings and surface treatments. The review concludes by highlighting the current knowledge in this field and identifying potential avenues for future research.