Molecular and Cellular Mechanism of Pathogen Invasion into the Central Nervous System: Meningitis

Meningitis, a deadly ailment that affects the central nervous system (CNS), involves the inflammation of the brain and spinal cord’s protective membrane, known as meninges. This condition can arise due to infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Among the bacterial culprits, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, and H. influenzae type b (Hib) have been identified as potential causes of bacterial meningitis. While fungal-induced meningitis is relatively are, cryptococcal meningitis has been distinguished as a notable exception. Research elucidates that the majority of viral meningitis cases worldwide are attributed to enteroviruses (EVs). In this chapter, we explore molecular and cellular concepts that underlie the mechanisms of pathogen invasion into the CNS. This further encompasses the structural elements of the CNS compartments, which affect the entry of pathogens. Additionally, we present the recent findings regarding the pathways exploited by pathogens to facilitate CNS infections. Thus, this chapter serves to offer valuable insights into the prevalence, incidence, and management of meningitis in both developed and developing nations. By understanding the fundamental aspects of pathogen invasion and CNS interactions, healthcare professionals and researchers can strive to improve prevention strategies and therapeutic interventions for this critical neurological disorder.