Epigenetic- and Epitranscriptomic-Targeted Reprogramming: Novel Targets for the Development of Broad-Spectrum Antivirals

Epigenetic and epitranscriptomic modifications have emerged as promising targets for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies. These modifications involve alterations to DNA, histones, and RNA molecules, which can regulate gene expression and cellular processes. By manipulating these modifications, it is possible to modulate host–virus interactions, disrupt viral replication cycles, and enhance antiviral immune responses. This chapter explores the potential of epigenetic- and epitranscriptomic-targeted reprogramming as a novel approach for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals. We discuss the impact of epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, on viral gene expression, latency, and immune evasion, as well as viral RNA modifications that influence its stability, translation, and protein synthesis. Specific targets within the epigenetic and epitranscriptomic landscape that have shown promise in inhibiting viral replication and reactivating latent viruses are described. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities associated with these novel therapeutic strategies, including drug specificity, off-target effects, and safety considerations are discussed. A deeper comprehension of the intricate interactions among host factors, viral genomes, and epigenetic/epitranscriptomic machinery will be crucial for harnessing the full potential of epigenetic- and epitranscriptomic-targeted reprogramming in the development of broad-spectrum antivirals. Largely, this chapter sheds light on the exciting frontier of epigenetic- and epitranscriptomic-based approaches and their potential to revolutionize antiviral therapy.