In Ovo-Based Antiviral Assay for Screening of Herbal Formulations Against Influenza Viruses

Multiple formats of in vitro tests and in vivo models enable us to test and screen existing antiviral drugs as well as discover new drugs. Unfortunately, these formats necessitate extensive training, are costly, are labor-intensive, and cause discomfort and distress to laboratory animals. As a result, we provide an in ovo model, which is a straightforward, cost-effective, and time-saving paradigm for evaluating possible antiviral drugs or herbal formulations using embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). In this chapter, the authors describe a meticulous protocol starting from the collection of clinical samples and their transport, virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs, as well as influenza virus infectivity titration. We also present three additional ways for assessing the antiviral activity of herbal formulations against influenza viruses using an in ovo model, which may be used in a variety of laboratories for screening novel drugs or antiviral compounds against influenza viruses.