Antivirals: Approaches and the Way Forward

Viral diseases pose significant challenges in human and veterinary medicine, as effective treatment options are limited. The development of antiviral drugs becomes increasingly challenging in the face of emerging and reemerging viral diseases. The genetic changes and rapid evolution of certain viruses further complicate the development of universal pathogen-specific drug therapies. Hence, there is a pressing need for research and development in the field of antiviral drugs. The novel approaches, such as computer-aided drug designing (CADD), have expedited the drug development process, notably reducing the preclinical phase. Phyto-medicines offer promising alternatives as antivirals, while organic polymers like extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have demonstrated effectiveness in combating viruses. Additionally, exosomes have shown potential as antivirals and in antiviral delivery, particularly when loaded with drugs and specifically targeted against viral diseases. The repurposing of drugs for antiviral therapeutics has garnered significant attention in both research institutions and pharmaceutical industries due to its numerous advantages. Combination antiviral therapies not only reduce toxicity but also address issues of drug resistance. Lastly, extensive clinical trials will be crucial for the successful repurposing of drugs as antiviral therapeutics.