Plant Morpho-Physiological Responses to Changes in the Soil Water Status

Rainfed agriculture is a major source of food production for feeding the world’s population. Crop plants grown under rainfed condition encounter various types of abiotic stresses between seedling to harvesting stages. Among the abiotic stresses are waterlogging, drought, and temperature variability, which are limiting factors of growth and yield of crop plants. The impact of waterlogging and drought on crop plants is evident in both root and shoot structures. However, the adaptive responses of roots and shoots to water stress conditions serve crucial purposes: prevent plant damage, maintain photosynthesis, and consequent yield. While unfavorable temperature impacts the aperture of stomata, it is essential to note that plants primarily uptake CO2 through stomata. Nonetheless, increasing scientific reports emphasize the individual effect of waterlogging, drought, and temperature variability. This chapter explores the adaptive modification in root and shoot structure across different plant genotypes in response to changes in soil water status. The modifications of roots and leaves are essential for survival and tolerance strategies. Specifically, we delve into role of root distribution and root traits development, which significantly impact leaf photosynthesis. Additionally, we discuss the effect of water stress on root and shoot biomass and the interaction between water stress and temperature variability on stomatal conductance. Understanding these intricate processes is vital for enhancing crop resilience and productivity in the face of changing environmental conditions.