In-Situ Raman Characterization of Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Li/Na Ion Batteries

We review the development of a non-destructive technique based on Raman spectroscopy and microscopy for the in-situ characterization of electrode materials, mainly rechargeable Li-ion and sodium-ion batteries. It is possible to characterize the electrode materials using the extremely sensitive Raman shift and line width measurements to factors such as crystal structure, atomic positions, stress, chemical species, isotopes, oxidation states, bond strength, etc. The improved battery and cell performance can be attributed to minimizing the affecting factors. Overall, in-situ Raman spectroscopy has become an effective method for researching rechargeable batteries, offering insightful knowledge of the structural and chemical alterations brought about by battery operation. Using this approach, researchers may observe electrode materials under operando settings in real-time and analyze the complex processes involved in charge and discharge cycles. With an emphasis on the electrode materials for lithium-ion (Li-ion) and sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries, this study provides an overview of in-situ Raman techniques for rechargeable batteries. We discuss how in-situ Raman spectroscopy can examine electrode materials’ structural alterations, phase transitions, and electrochemical processes. It is possible to learn a lot about the behavior of materials during electrochemical processes by following up on the development of vibrational modes and spotting distinctive peaks. We also present various experimental results from the literature on the in-situ characterization of electrode materials using Raman spectroscopy and microscopy, including all the design aspects.