Neurological Disorders: The Impact of Alteration in Gut Microbiome and Inflammation on Disease Development

The physiology and pathology of humans are significantly influenced by the human microbiota. In addition to helping to preserve the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal system, the gut microbiota, and microbial metabolites also send signals to other bodily systems, such as the brain. The immune and endocrine systems both have an impact on the functioning of the central nervous system. Notable immune cells called microglia, keep the central nervous system’s functions and homeostasis in check. The gut microbiota’s significance in controlling microglial growth and function has been addressed. The gut and brain regulate each other bidirectionally via multiple mechanisms and pathways, including neural, neuroendocrine, and immunological signals. Recently, research has focused more on the relationship between immune-related neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, alzheimer’s disease, and neuroinflammation and the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The involvement of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in immune-related neurological diseases has been studied using a variety of techniques, including GF studies, infection investigations, probiotic research, antibiotic studies, and fecal transplantation studies. The purpose of this chapter is to increase understanding of the significance of the gut microbiome, the possible mechanisms underlying changed gut microbiota and inflammation, and the pathogenic changes related to neurological disorders.