Role of Gut Brain and Gut Oral Axis in Progression of Parkinson’s Disease with Special Focus on Gut Microbes

The function of the microbiome in human health and disease has become one of the most important issues in modern medicine. Currently, a growing number of studies are being done to explain the connection between the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease and gut microbial dysbiosis. Both the central nervous system (CNS) and the enteric nervous system (ENS) are affected in a specific way by gut microbial dysbiosis, suggesting that there is a gut-microbiota-brain axis that underlies CNS abnormalities. Neuroinflammation and gut-inflammation-immune responses are suppressed by certain gut microbes, Certain gut microbes exhibit a double-edged sword effect, potentially influencing the development of Parkinson’s disease in both detrimental and protective ways. The immune system, the metabolism of tryptophan, the vagus nerve and the ENS are some of the pathways by which the brain and gut microbiota communicate. These pathways also involve microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched chain amino acids and peptidoglycans. Moreover, oral Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) has been shown in animal models to influence the gut-brain axis, which may indicate the existence of an oral-gut-brain axis.