Antimicrobial Activity of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites Against ESKAPE Pathogens

The rise of multidrug-resistant infections is now a critical concern on a worldwide scale. The ESKAPE group, consisting of Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species, is of particular alarm due to its potential to profoundly impact public health. To combat these infections, nanotechnology has gained popularity as a viable strategy. Nanomaterials and nanocomposites provide distinctive properties that can improve antibacterial activity and overcome the drawbacks of traditional antibiotics. This chapter examines the mechanisms through which nanomaterials and nanocomposites exert their antimicrobial effects, including, Physical Interactions and Membrane Disruption and Generation of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, the evaluation of antimicrobial activity is discussed, encompassing in vitro and in vivo assessment methods. The synergistic approaches of combining nanomaterials with conventional antimicrobial agents are explored, highlighting their potential to overcome drug resistance. Nevertheless, safety considerations regarding the potential cytotoxicity and adverse effects of nanomaterials are essential in their clinical translation. Regulatory aspects, including standardized testing and risk assessments, are vital to ensure the safe development and utilization of nanomaterial-based antimicrobial therapies. Furthermore, this chapter discusses future directions and challenges, such as Combination Therapies, and Targeted Delivery. Ultimately, the understanding of the “antimicrobial activity” of nanomaterials and nanocomposites Hostile to “ESKAPE pathogens” holds great promise in revolutionizing antimicrobial therapies and advancing public health outcomes.