Robotic-Human-Machine-Interface for Elderly Driving: Balancing Embodiment and Anthropomorphism for Improved Acceptance

Encouraging self-awareness among elderly drivers while driving with a passenger has the potential to reduce traffic accidents. Highly anthropomorphic Robotic-Human-Machine-Interfaces (RHMIs) have been shown to be effective in providing safe driving and review support by being perceived as fellow passengers. However, it remains unclear which specific anthropomorphic elements in the RHMI’s appearance are necessary to achieve this effect. Identifying these essential elements for elderly driving could lead to a minimal design approach and reduced installation costs in car dashboards. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of RHMI embodiment and anthropomorphism level on drivers’ acceptability and user experience quality through a series of RHMI prototypes by conducting a crowdsource video experiment and a driving simulator experiment, respectively. The findings provide insights into the design of a low-cost, minimal, and efficient RHMI as a driving agent.