Fish Waste and By-Product as a Source of Calcium

Fish head, bones, and scales are the main solid fish waste or by-product, which are rich in calcium. The calcium obtained from these fish by-products can be used in feed, food, clinical, and biological materials after proper processing. This chapter first takes a glace of the fish by-products that can be used as calcium sources, with the focus on fish bones. The chemical composition, physicochemical characteristics, and bioavailability of the calcium sources are summarized. The main methods of extracting and processing the calcium source are introduced and compared by classifying chemical, enzymatic, and physical methods. The products derived from the calcium source are divided into fish bone foods, powder/paste/slurry, calcium supplements, and hydroxyapatite products. Finally, production lines for the calcium products made from fish by-products are depicted. This book chapter provides readers with a comprehensive knowledge of the calcium source made from fish by-product.