Review of Liquid Hydrogen Leakage: Factors and Safety Measures

Liquid hydrogen, as a kind of energy carrier with high energy density, has shown significant advantages in fields such as aerospace, shipping, and large-scale hydrogen refueling stations. However, safety issues remain a key factor restricting its widespread application, especially research on liquid hydrogen leakage. This review summarizes important experiments in the field of liquid hydrogen leakage, then summarizes the main factors affecting liquid hydrogen leakage in open environments, including leakage sources, ground conditions, wind conditions, and atmospheric conditions, with the degree of influence decreasing in that order. In addition, this article also summarizes the influencing factors of liquid hydrogen leakage in restricted environments such as buildings, refueling stations. The current research limitation is the limited diversity of liquid hydrogen leakage scenarios and a lack of standardized research for application scenarios, which restricts in-depth and comprehensive quantitative analysis. The review concludes with a summary of research on the prevention and safety measures of liquid hydrogen leakage and prospects for the application of more advanced technologies such as AI and unmanned technology in the field of liquid hydrogen leakage prevention.