Role of Exosomes in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases

Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurological ailment in the world after Alzheimer’s disease (AD), affects about 1% of those over 65 years. Exosomes were first thought to be useless cell debris. It has been discovered that exosomes contain a variety of non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, as well as other bioactive compounds. A few of these compounds are functional messenger RNAs (mRNAs), certain proteins, lipids, and other bioactive chemicals. Our understanding of exosome function in the body has improved as a result of this information. A few of the physiological activities that show that exosomes are important include cell migration, angiogenesis, intercellular communication, and anti-tumor immunity. Exosomes can help the nervous system’s cells to communicate with one another, help get rid of waste, and keep the myelin coating in place. Similar to this, it is possible that the development of central nervous system illnesses like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s is influenced by brain exosomes. The development of several neurodegenerative disorders (NDD), including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is mostly attributed to extracellular vehicles (EVs) known as exosomes (EXOs). As a result, exosomes have attracted attention as these EVs have important pathophysiological roles. Because of their shown ability to transport both pathogenic and therapeutic cargo, researchers have altered EXOs for use in drug delivery.