Correlation Between Exosomes and Neuro-inflammation in Various Brain Disorders

One of the main causes of death and disability worldwide is brain neurological disorder/disease. According to the total DALYs (disability-adjusted life years), the burden of neurological illnesses will continue to rise. The prevalence of the condition is rising with age as the population ages and grows, placing a significant financial strain on government agencies that provide assistance, treatment, and rehabilitation. The prevention of brain diseases and therapeutic approaches are therefore the subject of extensive research. In this book chapter, exosomes are defined as membrane-bound nanovesicles (30–100 nm) with endosomal origins that contain mRNAs, proteins, and lipids. Within the body, they take part in the intricate intercellular communication system. They are expelled from many cell types in a healthy or therapeutic setting, and by transporting active signals, they influence the activity of receiving cells. In addition to serving as potential drug delivery systems, they also serve as molecular payloads, novel messengers, coordinators of complex regenerative processes, and surface biomarkers for the detection of numerous chronic disorders. Exosomes have a low immunogenicity, a long biological half-life, and the ability to pass the blood–brain barrier. Exosomes can be both beneficial and detrimental in the treatment of diseases that impact the central nervous system, such as traumatic encephalopathy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and prion disease. Neuro-inflammation in the brain is associated with proinflammatory cytokines, T and B lymphocytes, β-amyloid peptides 1–42, and tau protein, as well as neuronal damage and aberrant protein aggregation. There is growing evidence that the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS) communicate. Extracellular vehicles (EVs), which are regarded as state-of-the-art information transport systems, are produced by almost all cells. Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and a range of other bioactive regulators are all present in and transported by EVs. Additionally, it has been established that EVs have a significant mediating role between the peripheral and central nervous systems (CNS) due to their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Along with carrying molecules in either a healthy or sick state, EVs have exceptional promise for the targeted administration of medications. The mechanisms behind EV migration, the connections contrasting central and peripheral immune systems, and interactions between peripheral organs and brain during CNS disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, strokes, and trauma are all explored in this book chapter. Involvement of EVs in both healthy brain function and brain diseases, as well as in the creation of novel, minimally intrusive therapeutic techniques, is also discussed.