Advancement of Engineered Exosomes to Deliver Therapeutic Protein Cargos in Brain Disorders

The potential use of exosomes as biomarkers for central nervous system disorders is an intriguing idea because they can monitor disease development, enable early diagnosis, and optimize treatment outcomes. Exosomes can easily penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB), provide protection against disease-related molecules, and remain highly stable in peripheral circulation. Exosomes that are released by both active microglia cells and neurons were found to be crucial in the development and progression of Parkinson’s disease because they disseminate synuclein and cause further neuroinflammation. Exosome alteration using biochemical engineering is easier, quicker, and more efficient than genetic engineering without affecting cells and can enhance exosome targeting. Direct alteration via membrane fusion or hydrophobic insertion is the first tactic. Exosomes’ surface characteristics can readily be combined with liposomes that have peptides or antibodies as targeting moieties. Finally, exosomes can assist in avoiding various drawbacks encountered by present treatment regimens. The prospects of patients with cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative illnesses may be improved using modified exosomes, which are promising, noncellular, and adaptable artificially synthesized extracellular vesicles retaining all the essential exosome components. Exosomes might also lessen safety issues associated with injecting living cells because they are a cell-free therapy. However, there are still several restrictions and difficulties that need to be resolved before exosomes are widely used in clinical use. Thus, it is crucial to improvise and develop superior exosome purification and separation technologies as well as exosome membrane alteration techniques to improve its targeting capabilities, which could be used to efficiently treat and manage neurological disorders in the future.