Shengdai, Shengshu and Shengwen

“Shengdai” refers to the use of Shengdai marks to replace the words that have appeared in books, dictionaries and phonological titles. “Shengdai mark” was first put forward by Li Zhengyu. Li pointed out in the article Punctuation in Jiaohuang's suicide note: “(shengdai mark) plays the role of substituting the the main words with brief marks, generally occurring in dictionaries and quasi-books.”