The New Subaltern and Forms of Resistance in Kazakhstan

This chapter focuses on the emergence of the “new” subaltern in the post-independence period in Kazakhstan. I argue that one of the important causes of subalternity is authoritarian neoliberalism, i.e. when neoliberal market ideology is supported and promoted in an authoritarian context. The combination of the two leads to the capture of the state by the rich and powerful, while the majority of the population is excluded and marginalized. In such a society, inequality, injustice, and powerlessness become paramount. To overcome these conditions, the subalterns challenge the existing power relations and institutions through various forms of resistance. Using new conceptual frameworks—rightful resistance and lawfare—I show that people resort not only to open protests but also go to the courts, turn for help to political parties, and use the law and state system to challenge power relations and their subalternity.