Two-Dimensional (2D) Materials for Bio-sensing Applications

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted the attention of researchers all over the world since the discovery of graphene in 2004. Several routes of synthesis for graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), black phosphorus (BP), metal oxides, MXenes, silicene, and other 2D materials were optimized. Due to their peculiar layered nature, 2D materials offer immense potential as sensors. Extremely high surface area to volume ratio, tunable band gap, the possibility of doping, and possibilities for surface modifications with specific biomolecules for bio-recognition are properties that allow the development of sensors. The mechanical properties and flexible nature of 2D materials have led to the inclusion of these in wearable electronics for biomonitoring. With the advancements in communication systems such sensors are set to revolutionize biomedicine. However, careful assessment of toxicity, biocompatibility, and design and implementation of strategies for safe disposal is required. Scalable production methods, material characterization protocols, and the establishment of uniform regulations and risk assessment guidelines would help the commercialization of 2D materials as sensor platforms.