The Effect of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations on Distribution Systems While Minimizing the Placement Cost and Maximizing Voltage Stability Index

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from internal combustion (ICE) vehicles, which are reliant on fossil fuels, are one of the problems in major cities. As a result, the electric vehicle (EV) has become the automotive industry's green alternative. Promoting the worldwide adoption of electric vehicles is viewed as a possible solution to energy security, including energy efficiency, reduced noise, and greenhouse emission reduction. Due to its numerous benefits, including their use of flexible fuels, ease, safe charging, high performance, and cost savings, Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs) will soon replace traditional vehicles as the most affordable option for transportation. Despite the benefits indicated above, improper placement and size of aggregated PEVs cause voltage degradation and loss. Therefore, the best location for charging stations (CS) is crucial for the widespread use of EVs. Thus, in order to allocate fast and slow CS as efficiently as possible, this research suggests two optimization technique that takes into account the cost of installation, operation cost, increased line loss cost, and voltage deviation cost. The CS placement approach of Whale Optimization (WO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is simulated on IEEE-33 radial distribution systems. The results demonstrate that the recommended technique can choose the best location and size for CS, which will benefit EV owners, EVCS creators, and the power grid.