A complex interplay of historical, political, economic, and social factors strongly influences contemporary migration dynamics between Bangladesh and India. Notable challenges in this context include illegal immigration, border management, and ethnic tensions. Existing literature suggests that historically, migration between these two countries began during British colonial rule and intensified significantly after the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 and the independence of Bangladesh in 1971. Still, in recent years, many Bangladeshi migrants have headed to India in search of better economic prospects, mainly driven by poverty and climate-related disasters like flooding. In this case, the India-Bangladesh border, extending over 4000 km, includes regions that facilitate illegal crossings and contribute to escalating political and social tensions, particularly in Assam and West Bengal. Such movements have resulted in demographic shifts and reactions against unlawful immigration. There are also concerns about extremist groups exploiting the vulnerable border, alongside severe issues like human trafficking and smuggling. Both countries have shown a commitment to addressing these issues through collaborative efforts on border security and migration management, such as joint patrols. However, our research suggests that migration from India to Bangladesh has reversed the historical trend in recent years. This chapter, therefore, explores how India, as a significant economic and military power, exerts influence over smaller neighboring countries like Bangladesh and establishes its political dominance. It also examines the migration policy between India and Bangladesh, aiming to provide insights into future migration and the social and economic security policy of both nations.