Central Asia (CA) has long served as a crossroads of civilizations, subject to complex migratory dynamics under the impact of political, economic, environmental, and cultural factors. This chapter examines the evolution of migration patterns in the region over the course of history, including ancient nomadic movements, Silk Road trade, imperial invasions, and the population engineering of the Soviet era. Strong focus is placed on how political turmoil, such as Russian territorial expansion and Soviet forced resettlement policies, reshaped population geographies and ethnic relations. The post-Soviet space is investigated from a labor migration, environmental, and globalization perspective, with a focus on current challenges framed in the context of climate change-related displacement and border management. Through examining historical development and incorporating theoretical models like Mackinder’s Heartland Theory, this chapter provides a detailed examination of political determinants and environmental factors influencing migration patterns in Central Asia. The chapter emphasizes the long-lasting impact of historical events on contemporary migration governance and regional security.