This chapter traces the transformation of China’s migration landscape since the 1979 Reform and Opening-Up era, highlighting how internal migration has evolved from state-controlled immobility to a central engine of economic modernization. It examines how institutional mechanisms, particularly the hukou system, have regulated mobility, stratified access to urban citizenship, and perpetuated socio-spatial inequalities. Drawing on interdisciplinary frameworks such as migration systems theory, critical geography, and dual labor market theory, the chapter analyzes the interplay between state governance, labor precarity, and demographic shifts. Regional case studies from Guangdong, Shanghai, and Chongqing reveal the localized tensions and innovations in migration governance. The analysis extends to emerging issues—platform labor, demographic aging, and climate displacement—and China’s expanding role in global migration through labor export, student mobility, and diaspora engagement. Ultimately, the chapter argues for a shift toward inclusive, rights-based migration governance that recognizes migrants not merely as economic actors but as full participants in the social and political life of China.