Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Nanocarriers and Novel Drug Delivery Systems

The pharmacokinetics of nanocarriers and novel drug delivery systems play a pivotal role in optimizing the delivery and therapeutic efficacy of drugs. These systems, such as liposomes, ethosomes, lipomers, transferosomes, cubosomes, phytosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions, metallic nanoparticles, implants and other topically administered novel drug delivery systems have unique properties that influence their pharmacokinetic behaviour [1]. Upon administration, nanocarriers affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of encapsulated drugs. They enhance drug stability, protect against enzymatic degradation, and prolong systemic circulation, leading to improved drug bioavailability and target site accumulation [2]. The size, surface charge, and surface modifications of nanocarriers impact their biodistribution and tissue penetration capabilities. Moreover, the choice of materials and formulation strategies can influence drug release kinetics and tissue-specific targeting. Understanding the pharmacokinetics of nanocarriers is crucial to optimize drug delivery systems, ensure proper dosing regimens, maximize therapeutic outcomes and subsequently minimize systemic toxicity.