Biomass Utilization and Biorefinery By-Product from Palm Oil and Marine Resources for Animal Feed and Feed Additive

Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil. Biorefinery by-products from palm oil can be classified into lignocellulosic and fiber-rich biomass. Palm kernel meal (PKM), a by-product from palm kernel oil extraction contains crude protein (13–16%) and there have been ongoing efforts to improve its utilization as animal feed. The restriction of PKM used in animal feed is linked with the imbalance of amino acids, high fiber content, shell, and other physical characteristics. On the other hand, Indonesia is among the leading countries in marine industry, by-products of fish, shrimp, crustaceans, and other marine processing industries are of high potency for animal feedstuff. Chitin, the dominant by-product of shrimp production, has ahead popularity in the last decade due to its large spectrum functions, especially as antimicrobial agent, non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible. This chapter discusses the recent advances in PKM and marine industry by-products availability status and utilization, and novel technologies to improve their quality for animal feed and feed additive. A practical and conceptual development of the bioproducts for implementation, especially in the context of Indonesia and other countries with similar characteristics of nature. Biological processes including solid-state fermentation, mechanical processing, and valorization techniques can be integrated to process the biomass from palm oil industry. Chemical treatments including green chemistry techniques could improve chitosan functionality. Implementation of biorefinery techniques of biomass and by-products of palm oil and marine resources promise supporting raw material stock and sustainability for the feed and feed additive of animals.