Glycosylation in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotes from lower molds to terminally evolved humans, distinct biological event is so called glycosylation. Therefore, cell-specific and tissue-specific expression patterns of the glycans are crucial for their fate determination of roles to the organisms. This specific phenomenon is a complicated event specific only for the eukaryotic cells and populations who have the small organelle of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus. This event is called complex pathway known as post-translational modification (PTM) of glycoproteins as well as glycolipid synthesis in eukaryotes. Glycans and carbohydrates are the third informative life chains in life science and biological system. The first and second life chains are the nucleic acids and proteins, respectively. They are synthesized in nuclear and ribosomes by strictly regulated signaling and ordered consequences in cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms. However, carbohydrates or glycans if they are coded life chains are synthesized or polymerized in ER.