In Vitro System for Modeling Parkinson Disease

Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD), affecting millions worldwide, presents a significant public health concern. Its rising prevalence over the past two decades emphasizes the need for understanding its causes and improving patient care. While the exact reasons behind its growth are unclear, genetics and environmental factors likely play a role. Studies highlight specific gene mutations and exposure to toxins as potential contributors. The major genetic mutations with regard to IPD etiology have been mainly focused on the following genes: SNCA, LRRK2, PRKN, PINK1, and DJ-1. On the other hand, environmental stresses and the exposure to environmental toxins, such as pesticides, provide clear etiological evidence of IPD. IPD’s degenerative nature leads to a slow, progressive decline in patients. Characterized by rigidity, slowness of movement, balance issues, and resting tremor, where bradykinesia is the defining symptom. However, non-motor symptoms like depression, sleep disturbances, and constipation are also prevalent. Research suggests IPD is not a single disease but a spectrum with diverse causes and manifestations. Different factors can lead to a similar clinical picture, and even in cases with known causes, disease progression and symptoms can vary. This highlights the heterogeneity of IPD, where patients experience the disease differently based on factors like profession and individual needs. Recognizing this complexity, the medical community is moving toward precision medicine. Tailoring treatments, including surgery, medication, and rehabilitation, to individual patient needs is crucial for effective management. By acknowledging the multifaceted nature of IPD, researchers and healthcare professionals can work toward better understanding and managing this challenging disease.